Compartment syndrome is a serious condition that occurs when pressure within a muscle compartment increases, leading to decreased blood flow, nerve compression, and potential muscle and tissue damage. Muscle compartments are groups of muscles, nerves, and blood vessels enclosed by a tough connective tissue called fascia.
Symptoms of compartment syndrome can include:
Compartment syndrome can be caused by various factors, including:
Trauma or Injury
Fractures, severe bruising, or crush injuries.
Overuse
Intense exercise or repetitive activities, particularly in athletes.
Constrictive dressings
Tight bandages or casts.
Swelling
From conditions such as burns or infections.
Diagnosis is typically made through a physical examination and a review of symptoms. In some cases, a doctor may measure the pressure within the compartment using a special device.
Treatment for compartment syndrome is often urgent and may include:
Fasciotomy is a surgical procedure where the fascia is cut open to relieve pressure. This is often necessary to prevent permanent damage to muscles and nerves.
Addressing any contributing factors, such as reducing swelling or modifying activities.
Medication to relieve pain.
If not treated promptly, compartment syndrome can lead to severe complications, including muscle necrosis (death), permanent functional impairment, and in extreme cases, amputation.
Preventive measures include:
Here are some frequently asked questions about compartment syndrome:
Compartment syndrome is a serious condition that occurs when pressure builds up within a muscle compartment, leading to decreased blood flow and potential damage to muscles and nerves.
Common causes include trauma or injury (like fractures or severe bruising), overuse (especially in athletes), constrictive dressings (such as tight casts), and swelling from burns or infections.
Symptoms include severe pain (often disproportionate to the injury), tightness or swelling in the affected area, numbness or tingling, weakness in the muscles, and decreased pulse in extreme cases.
Diagnosis typically involves a physical examination and evaluation of symptoms. In some cases, doctors may measure the pressure within the muscle compartment using a specialised device.
Treatment usually involves surgery (fasciotomy) to relieve pressure, managing underlying causes, and pain management. Prompt intervention is critical to prevent long-term damage.
Yes, it is considered a medical emergency. Delayed treatment can lead to permanent muscle and nerve damage.
Yes, it can occur in any muscle compartment but is most common in the legs and forearms.
Complications can include muscle necrosis, permanent functional impairment, nerve damage, and in severe cases, amputation.
Preventive measures include gradually increasing activity levels, ensuring proper warm-up and cool-down during exercise, and avoiding tight clothing or bandages that may restrict blood flow.
Yes, there are two main types: acute compartment syndrome, which occurs suddenly (often due to injury), and chronic compartment syndrome, which develops gradually (often related to exercise or repetitive activities).
